The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) is a standard network protocol for remote printing as well as managing print jobs, media size, resolution, and so forth in distributed environments.
The idea behind the IPP is to define a protocol for end users to print over the Internet, provide users with the same printing controls and concepts that [...]
The Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) as defined in RFC1939 is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. The protocol defines how the server responds to requests sent from an e-mail client.
A POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them [...]
nslookup is a computer program used in Windows and Unix to query Domain Name System (DNS) servers to find DNS details, including IP addresses of a particular computer, MX records for a domain and the NS servers of a domain. The name nslookup means “name server lookup”.
nslookup is also use as a command-line administrative tool [...]
Wireshark is a very useful tool for the study of network protocol!
In my previous post on ARP, we have learned some basic about the ARP protocol. Let’s look more detail into the ARP request packet in this post.
When the MAC address for a next hop device is not found in the local ARP cache, a [...]
ICMP or Internet Control Message Protocol is one of the most important network protocols in TCP/IP protocol suite. The Internet Protocol is not designed to be absolutely reliable. As such, ICMP is designed to be used by networked computers‘ operating systems to send error messages to show that a requested service is not available or [...]
A PC in an Ethernet network can communicate with another PC, if only it knows the Ethernet address (MAC address) of that PC. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network protocol uses to translate a PC’s IP address to physical (hardware) address. From OSI model point of view, ARP belongs to the OSI data link [...]
In an Ethernet network, every client, server and network device is wired to a hub or switch. However, what is the different between hub and switch?
In a word: intelligence. Answer this in short sentence: Hub versus Switch - Shared versus dedicated channels!
Technically hubs operate at the layer one (Physical Layer) of the OSI model. [...]
Within the layer in the OSI Reference Model, the communication between layers higher than layer one is logical; the only hardware connection is at the physical layer. Communication take the form of some sort of message that is sent between corresponding software elements on two or more devices.
Since these messages are the mechanism for [...]
In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing devices.
Modern network systems are made up of a variety of different systems running on many different platforms. In order for computers on these platforms to exchange information, there must be a preexisting agreement [...]
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Seven Layer Network Reference Model is the basic for learning network infrastructure. It is an abstract description of computer network protocol design.
From top to bottom, the name of the layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers.
Each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives [...]